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Tele-revista: representaciones, imágenes y libertad política en un informativo de la televisión pública suiza para la emigración española

Desde 1973 hasta 2003 la televisión pública suiza emitió el programa Telerevista una vez cada dos semanas, los fines de semana, y con una duración de quince minutos. Tele-revista era un programa en español dirigido a los emigrantes españoles en el país helvético que contenía reportajes de temas relacionados con la realidad de la comunidad española. En una primera parte abordaremos la imagen y la puesta en escena del poder institucional de la administración española en Suiza en el programa y de su evolución a lo largo del tiempo. En una segunda parte trataremos los esfuerzos del programa por formar a los espectadores en cuestiones de democracia y libertades en Suiza. Finalmente nos ocuparemos de la presencia cada vez mayor en la información cultural del programa de las particularidades y de las relaciones entre cultura popular y alta cultura.Between 1973 and 2003 Swiss television used to broadcast at the weekend the biweekly news magazine Tele-revista, which lasted 15 minutes. Tele-revista was sent in Spanish and addressed to Spanish migrants living in Switzerland. It contained reportages about the Spanish community’s reality. This paper focuses first on the image and the staging of the Spanish administration’s institutional power in Switzerland and its evolution in the course of time. Then it will consider the efforts to educate the audience in matters of democracy and liberties in Switzerland. Finally it will treat the increasing presence in the magazine’s cultural section of the characteristics and the relation between popular and high culture

O REGRESSO DE EMIGRANTES ESPANHÓIS NA EUROPA DURANTE A TRANSIÇÃO À DEMOCRACIA

Este texto analiza la percepción y la interpretación del retorno durante la Transición a la democracia en España, desde las esferas políticas españolas, desde las instituciones administrativas encargadas de gestionar la política migratoria y desde los medios de comunicación. Este enfoque múltiple permitirá entender mejor cómo y en qué fases se desarrolló una nueva visión del fenómeno de la emigración y del retorno en este período de la historia española reciente. Para ello nos ocuparemos, en primer lugar, de las decisiones políticas y administrativas que canalizaron el retorno, tratando de averiguar en qué medida resultaron efectivas, pero también prestando atención a los principios ideológicos y jurídicos que las orientaban. En segundo lugar, nos centraremos en los medios de comunicación escritos españoles, que recogieron tanto este fenómeno social como los debates políticos que suscitó. Con el fin de obtener una perspectiva cruzada pretendemos ocuparnos, por un lado, de los medios de comunicación escritos en general y, por otro, de los pensados específicamente para los emigrantes.This text analyses the perception and interpretation of return during the transition to democracy in Spain, from the Spanish political spheres, from the administrative institutions in charge of managing migration policy and from the media. This multiple approach will allow us to better understand how and in what phases a new vision of the phenomenon of emigration and return was developed in this period of recent Spanish history. In order to do so, we will deal, firstly, with the political and administrative decisions that channelled the return, trying to find out to what extent they were effective, but also paying attention to the ideological and legal principles that guided them. Secondly, we will focus on the Spanish print media, which covered both this social phenomenon and the political debates it provoked. To obtain a cross-perspective, we intend to deal, on the one hand, with the written media in general and, on the other, with those specifically designed for emigrants.Este texto analisa a percepção e interpretação do regresso durante a Transição para a democracia em Espanha, das esferas políticas espanholas, das instituições administrativas encarregadas de gerir a política de migração e dos meios de comunicação social. Esta abordagem múltipla permitirá uma melhor compreensão de como e em que fases foi desenvolvida uma nova visão do fenómeno da emigração e do regresso neste período da história espanhola recente. Para tal, trataremos, em primeiro lugar, das decisões políticas e administrativas que canalizaram o regresso, tentando descobrir até que ponto foram eficazes, mas prestando também atenção aos princípios ideológicos e jurídicos que os orientaram. Em segundo lugar, concentrar-nos-emos nos meios de comunicação escritos espanhóis, que recolheram tanto este fenómeno social como os debates políticos por ele suscitados. A fim de obter uma perspectiva cruzada, pretendemos lidar, por um lado, com os meios de comunicação escritos em geral e, por outro lado, com os especificamente concebidos para os emigrantes

Anticontractile Effect of Perivascular Adipose Tissue and Leptin are Reduced in Hypertension

Leptin causes vasodilatation both by endothelium-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Leptin is synthesized by perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT). The hypothesis of this study is that a decrease of leptin production in PVAT of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) might contribute to a diminished paracrine anticontractile effect of the hormone. We have determined in aorta from Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and SHR (i) leptin mRNA and protein levels in PVAT, (ii) the effect of leptin and PVAT on contractile responses, and (iii) leptin-induced relaxation and nitric oxide (NO) production. Leptin mRNA and protein expression were significantly lower in PVAT from SHR. Concentration-response curves to angiotensin II were significantly blunted in presence of PVAT as well as by exogenous leptin (10−9 M) only in WKY. This anticontractile effect was endothelium-dependent. Vasodilatation induced by leptin was smaller in SHR than in WKY, and was also endothelium-dependent. Moreover, release of endothelial NO in response to acute leptin was higher in WKY compared to SHR, but completely abolished in the absence of endothelium. In conclusion, the reduced anticontractile effect of PVAT in SHR might be attributed to a reduced PVAT-derived leptin and to an abrogated effect of leptin on endothelial NO release probably due to an impaired activation of endothelial NO synthase

Imbalance between pro and anti-oxidant mechanisms in perivascular adipose tissue aggravates long-term high-fat diet-derived endothelial dysfunction

Background: The hypothesis of this study is that long-term high-fat diets (HFD) induce perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) dysfunction characterized by a redox imbalance, which might contribute to aggravate endothelial dysfunction in obesity. Methods and Results: C57BL/6J mice were fed either control or HFD (45% kcal from fat) for 32 weeks. Body weight, lumbar and mesenteric adipose tissue weights were significantly higher in HFD animals compared to controls. The anticontractile effect of PVAT in mesenteric arteries (MA) was lost after 32 week HFD and mesenteric endothelial-dependent relaxation was significantly impaired in presence of PVAT in HFD mice (Emax = 71.0±5.1 vs Emax = 58.5±4.2, p<0.001). The inhibitory effect of L-NAME on Ach-induced relaxation was less intense in the HFD group compared with controls suggesting a reduction of endothelial NO availability. Expression of eNOS and NO bioavailability were reduced in MA and almost undetectable in mesenteric PVAT of the HFD group. Superoxide levels and NOX activity were higher in PVAT of HFD mice. Apocynin only reduced contractile responses to NA in HFD animals. Expression of ec-SOD and total SOD activity were significantly reduced in PVAT of HFD mice. No changes were observed in Mn-SOD, Cu/Zn-SOD or catalase. The ratio [GSSG]/([GSH]+[GSSG]) was 2-fold higher in the mesenteric PVAT from HFD animals compared to controls. Conclusions: We suggest that the imbalance between pro-oxidant (NOX, superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide) and antioxidant (eNOS, NO, ecSOD, GSSG) mechanisms in PVAT after long-term HFD might contribute to the aggravation of endothelial dysfunctionThis work was supported by grants from Ministerio de Ciencia e Investigación (BFU2011-25303), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (SAF2009- 09714, SAF2011-25303, BFU2012-35353), Grupos Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM; GR-921641), Fundación Universitaria San Pablo-CEU, Fundación Mutua Madrileña and Sociedad para el Estudio de la Salud Cardiometabólica (SESCAMET). MGO and CFG-P are supported by Ministerio de Educación y Cienci

Mild and short-term caloric restriction prevents obesity-induced cardiomyopathy in young zucker rats without changing in metabolites and fatty acids cardiac profile

Caloric restriction (CR) ameliorates cardiac dysfunction associated with obesity. However, most of the studies have been performed under severe CR (30-65% caloric intake decrease) for several months or even years in aged animals. Here, we investigated whether mild (20% food intake reduction) and short-term (2-weeks) CR prevented the obese cardiomyopathy phenotype and improved the metabolic profile of young (14 weeks of age) genetically obese Zucker fa/fa rats. Heart weight (HW) and HW/tibia length ratio was significantly lower in fa/fa rats after 2 weeks of CR than in counterparts fed ad libitum. Invasive pressure measurements showed that systolic blood pressure, maximal rate of positive left ventricle (LV) pressure, LV systolic pressure and LV end-diastolic pressure were all significantly higher in obese fa/fa rats than in lean counterparts, which were prevented by CR. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed that the increase in LV end-systolic volume, stroke volume and LV wall thickness observed in fa/fa rats was significantly lower in animals on CR diet. Histological analysis also revealed that CR blocked the significant increase in cardiomyocyte diameter in obese fa/fa rats. High resolution magic angle spinning magnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis of the LV revealed a global decrease in metabolites such as taurine, creatine and phosphocreatine, glutamate, glutamine and glutathione, in obese fa/fa rats, whereas lactate concentration was increased. By contrast, fatty acid concentrations in LV tissue were significantly elevated in obese fa/fa rats. CR failed to restore the LV metabolomic profile of obese fa/fa rats. In conclusion, mild and short-term CR prevented an obesity-induced cardiomyopathy phenotype in young obese fa/fa rats independently of the cardiac metabolic profile.This study was supported by grants from Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (BFU2011-25303), Spanish Institute of Health Carlos III (CP15/00129), UCM groups (GR-921641), SESCAMET, Fundación Mutua Madrileña, Fundación Eugenio Rodríguez Pascual and Fondos FEDER.Peer Reviewe

Mechanisms of Perivascular Adipose Tissue Dysfunction in Obesity

Most blood vessels are surrounded by adipose tissue. Similarly to the adventitia, perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) was considered only as a passive structural support for the vasculature, and it was routinely removed for isolated blood vessel studies. In 1991, Soltis and Cassis demonstrated for the first time that PVAT reduced contractions to noradrenaline in rat aorta. Since then, an important number of adipocyte-derived factors with physiological and pathophysiological paracrine vasoactive effects have been identified. PVAT undergoes structural and functional changes in obesity. During early diet-induced obesity, an adaptative overproduction of vasodilator factors occurs in PVAT, probably aimed at protecting vascular function. However, in established obesity, PVAT loses its anticontractile properties by an increase of contractile, oxidative, and inflammatory factors, leading to endothelial dysfunction and vascular disease. The aim of this review is to focus on PVAT dysfunction mechanisms in obesity

Role of Ryanodine Type 2 Receptors in Elementary Ca 2+ Signaling in Arteries and Vascular Adaptive Responses

Background: Hypertension is the major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the most common cause of death worldwide. Resistance arteries are capable of adapting their diameter independently in response to pressure and flow-associated shear stress. Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are major Ca2+-release channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane of myocytes that contribute to the regulation of contractility. Vascular smooth muscle cells exhibit 3 different RyR isoforms (RyR1, RyR2, and RyR3), but the impact of individual RyR isoforms on adaptive vascular responses is largely unknown. Herein, we generated tamoxifen-inducible smooth muscle cell-specific RyR2-deficient mice and tested the hypothesis that vascular smooth muscle cell RyR2s play a specific role in elementary Ca2+ signaling and adaptive vascular responses to vascular pressure and/or flow. Methods and Results: Targeted deletion of the Ryr2 gene resulted in a complete loss of sarcoplasmic reticulum-mediated Ca2+-release events and associated Ca2+-activated, large-conductance K+ channel currents in peripheral arteries, leading to increased myogenic tone and systemic blood pressure. In the absence of RyR2, the pulmonary artery pressure response to sustained hypoxia was enhanced, but flow-dependent effects, including blood flow recovery in ischemic hind limbs, were unaffected. Conclusions: Our results establish that RyR2-mediated Ca2+-release events in VSCM s specifically regulate myogenic tone (systemic circulation) and arterial adaptation in response to changes in pressure (hypoxic lung model), but not flow. They further suggest that vascular smooth muscle cell-expressed RyR2 deserves scrutiny as a therapeutic target for the treatment of vascular responses in hypertension and chronic vascular diseases